Online School vs. Public School Essay

Sloan Consortium expressed that, â€Å"More than one million understudies went to classes by means of the Internet in 2008. Of those million, around 200,000 were taken a crack at full-time virtual schools, which means they go to the entirety of their classes online.† I have been doing Online Schooling for a long time yet before that I went to state funded school. Internet tutoring is a superior decision than open tutoring in light of the fact that you have more control, there is no show, and you have all the more leisure time. I incline toward web based self-teaching since I can control my pace. I get the opportunity to choose when I need to work and I don’t need to concentrate throughout the day, ordinary like I ordinarily would. The course plan is additionally up to me; courses should be possible each in turn or in gatherings. During my first year at an online school I completed five courses one after another. It’s now my subsequent year and I am doing each course in turn, which I certainly like. At Public schools, course plans are picked for me and I would have no control. You likewise can’t control what is happening in your school condition. Perhaps the best thing about online school is that there will never be any dramatization. I truly abhor tattling, which is a major issue at state funded schools. Since I just connect with different children from my school by method of the web there is no negligibility between us. Children my age battle about companions and beaus or lady friends. There’s nothing to quarrel over when you live as distant from one another as we do. At ordinary schools however, you see everybody regular. When your continually with a similar gathering of individuals, someone’s emotions are continually getting injured and there is consistent contentions. A considerable lot of circumstances include your â€Å"friends†. On the off chance that your companions with somebody you can’t be companions with anybody they don’t like, which can get confounded. 3 When doing school on the web, you have considerably more extra time. On the off chance that I remain made up for lost time, I’m ready to get things done after school and on the ends of the week. At the point when I was in government funded school, I had to an extreme degree an excess of schoolwork to do anything. Presently I’m ready to take a couple of vacation days for excursion or in light of the fact that I’m debilitated and not need to stress over falling a long ways behind. While at state funded school the entirety of my time was filled by schoolwork, yet now I’m ready to go through hours after school with my pony or simply unwinding. A portion of my family has communicated worry about me notâ interacting with youngsters my age since I don’t go to government funded school. As a result of web based tutoring, I’m ready to spend time with my companions at our outbuilding. Before I exchanged I never observed any of my companions outside of school since I never had the opportunity. Internet tutoring is a vastly improved decision than open tutoring. The advantages of online school far exceed those of open tutoring. With Online tutoring you have such a large number of more options, everything is up to you! There are a wide range of tutoring decisions however web based tutoring has made my life simpler and tranquil. I unquestionably recommend that you investigate web based tutoring as an option in contrast to state funded school. It may not be directly for everybody, except it may be directly for you.

Validity, reliability and generalisation in the research process Essay

Legitimacy, unwavering quality and speculation in the examination procedure - Essay Example Furthermore, the exposition gives proposals, which incorporate a progression of inquiries that could be fused into a survey planned for discovering why post graduate understudies decide to consider HRM. In the board explore, legitimacy, dependability and speculation ought to be tended to in investigate with a great deal of alert since it is dubious to separate them decisively. For example, legitimacy is characterized as the connection between test results on examine with different targets that the examination tries to accomplish or quantify (Wainer and Braun, 2013: 40). In this manner, analysts ought to plainly layout their exploration targets. Then again, Schensul, LeCompte and Schensul (1999: 271) characterize unwavering quality as the consistency of research results and the capacity of such outcomes to be recreated by different scientists. It is qualified to take note of that a measure might be dependable, yet such a measure’s unwavering quality doesn't guarantee its legitimacy (Rubin and Babbie, 2010: 87). It is basic that business and the executives specialists ought to consider dependability and legitimacy independently. This is on the grounds that dependability is about consistency while legitimacy is about honesty in measures (Jackson, 2013: 90). Then again, trying to guarantee unwavering quality in the board may contort the reason for an examination. This is on the grounds that a scientist will plan an estimation apparatus or procedure that will guarantee the outcomes acquired from such an examination will be imitated by different specialists. This prompts a researcher’s slight deviation from the first reason for the examination, which may thusly, antagonistically influence legitimacy. Independently, speculation might be utilized in organizations and the board research to add to hypothesis. Along these lines, regarding speculation, the board research ought to be planned so it is appropriately acquainted with hypothesis to add to

Tips to Writing a Good Essay Topic

Tips to Writing a Good Essay TopicAs a student looking for something to write about in an essay, you should be looking for good academic essay topics that allow you to create a quality piece of writing. Academic topics are important for any type of student, but when you want to be successful at your college essays, you should make sure that you're taking the proper steps to be successful with your essay topic.Writing an essay for a university student is a lot different than writing one for a high school student. When you're preparing for a college or university setting, it's much easier to control what you say and where you're going to go. Plus, it's a much higher standard to meet because of the fact that you're going to school for four years, versus just four years in high school.One of the things that you can do to prepare for essay topics is to begin by researching your topics. This may sound counter-intuitive, but it is often times easier to write about something that you already know about. Researching what's on your mind is always a good idea.After you have done some research, it's important to start writing about the topic that you have chosen and to keep in mind that it has to be something that you feel comfortable writing about. The last thing you want to do is give in to some personal feelings or add personal experiences into your writing. It is important to use examples of some current events that you've seen, and these examples should help to show the reader why you feel as you do about the topic.Once you feel that you have some information to work with, it's time to begin writing your research paper. This may seem like a bit of a time consuming process, but remember that it doesn't have to be. With just a bit of research, you can easily finish the research paper that you need to complete.There are also tips to writing a good essay topic that you need to keep in mind when you're searching for topic ideas. First, if you want to make sure that you hav e a good topic, you need to be able to follow directions and you need to have the right tools to get your thoughts onto paper. Some of the tools that you will need to write a good essay topic include a reliable reference book, an essay writing software program, and an outline.These are all important pieces of equipment that you'll need to write good academic essay topics that will allow you to succeed at college. You should also take some time to try to come up with some ideas on topics that you know nothing about. This is a great way to get some new ideas and to avoid any errors that might occur during the editing process.Good academic essay topics for students will always be able to stand out from the rest of the pack. You should consider these tips to help you in your search for topic ideas and to ensure that you know what you're doing when you're writing. Take a few minutes to learn some helpful writing tips and then go find some good academic essay topics that will help you be successful in your college admissions process.

Essay on The Evil In Hamlet - 1169 Words

The Evil In Hamlet Throughout the play Hamlet, evil thoughts and actions can be seen. The characters Hamlet, King Claudius, and Queen Gertrude consistently are influenced by the forces of evil. Evil becomes the controlling factor of the play and causes the characters thoughts and actions to be blurred. Hamlet’s thoughts are constantly darkened by suicide and death. Hamlet can be seen as suicidal in one of his first soliloquies. â€Å"O, that this too too solid flesh would melt / Thaw and resolve itself into a dew, / Or that the Everlasting had not fixed / His canon gainst self-slaughter. O God. God† (Ham. 1. 2. 129-132). This shows Hamlet wishes his flesh would melt because his mothers actions have made the world completely†¦show more content†¦Hamlet is fascinated by the power of death to transform a human into an object such as a skull that he can hold in his hand. Hamlets thoughts are darkened by evil which makes life seems pointless to him when he is looking death directly right in the face. King Claudius is so poisoned by the evil of death he becomes obsessed with covering up his evil murder. In the beginning of the play King Claudius gives a speech on how the kingdom should move on quickly from the death of the old king Hamlet. â€Å"Though yet of Hamlet our dear brothers death / The memory be green, and that it us befitted / To bear our hearts in grief and our whole kingdom / To be contracted in one brow of woe, / Yet so far hath discretion fought with nature† (Ham. 1. 2. 1-5). King Claudius’ actions are based on the fact that he murdered the old king and wants to try and cover it up and move on as quickly as possible. The king’s thoughts are so clouded by evil he only thinks to protect himself and he doesn’t care about anyone else. King Claudius, driven by his evil murder, tries anything he can to get rid of Hamlet. â€Å"I like him not, nor stands it safe with us / To let his madness range. Therefore prepare you. / I your commissi on will forthwith dispatch, / And he to England shall along with you† (Ham. 3. 3. 1-4). This shows King Claudius being so consumed by evil he attempts to cover his own safety at the expense of shipping Hamlet off to England. King Claudius’ thoughts are even moreShow MoreRelatedIs the Ghost in Hamlet Pure Evil? Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesGhost in Hamlet is a widely controversial topic with arguments determining whether the Ghost is a â€Å"goblin damn’d† or a â€Å"spirit of health.† (1.4.40) â€Å"‘A spirit of health’ is one, which comes from heaven with charitable intentions, and ‘a goblin damn’d’ is one, which comes from Hell with wicked intentions.† The Ghost only has two appearances in the play and is a symbol for uncertainty, yet it is important as it catalyses the play into action and also Hamlet into madness. The Ghost in Hamlet is an evilRead MoreHamlet Good vs Evil Essay1295 Words   |   6 Pagesâ€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark† -William Shakespeare Good VS. Evil Why Does Hamlet delay so long in achieving his revenge- what is really stopping him? There is an inner battle inside Hamlet that no one knows about, good versus evil, stuck between both worlds. Hamlet is the only one who can decided which world to want to be apart of. Hamlet, the story, reveals that the individual can only find meaning by looking inward and living according to his or her own beliefs and includingRead MoreClaudius as Evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept of evil has vastly transformed throughout human history, ranging for the supernatural and mystical to the very humans amongst whom we live. In modern times, evil has become an entirely ambiguous term. Who is evil? What is evil? Men like Adolph Hitler and Saddam Hussein have been garnered with the term ‘evil for their atrocities against fellow humans. Now it seems evil has a solely human significance; when a person violates the individual rights of others on a massive scale, he/she is evil. In ShakespearesRead MoreThe Nature of Evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesgood and evil since the emergence of civilization and, just as humankind has evolved over time, so has the definition of evil. Evil was first used to describe someone who placed themselves above others and it wasnt until the Old and Middle English period that evil became associated with wrong-doing. As time passed, the definition continued to become increasingly more specific until it reached its modern day definition: â€Å"extreme moral wickedness.† (www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=evil) HoweverRead More Claudius as Evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesClaudius as Evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare The abstract concept of evil has vastly transformed throughout human history, ranging for the supernatural and mystical to the very humans amongst whom we live. In modern times, evil has become an entirely ambiguous term. Who is evil? What is evil? Men like Adolph Hitler and Saddam Hussein have been garnered with the term ‘evil’ for their atrocities against fellow humans. Now it seems evil has a solely human significance; when a person violatesRead MoreGood vs. Evil Compex in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesSince the dawn of time, man has struggled fiercely over the internal conflict within himself between doing what is right for oneself as opposed to doing what is right for society in general. It is what I refer to as the good vs. evil complex. The play Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare somewhere between 1599 and 1603, presents a plethora of characters that are faced with the challenge of not allowing self-interest to reign supreme. One character in particular that is a parody of divergentRead More Hamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in Shakespeares Hamlet833 Words   |  4 PagesTransformation from Good to Evil in Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet’s transforms from good to evil in the play Hamlet by Shakespeare. Hamlet experiences a lot of pain and becomes very anger because of his father’s death, his mother’s bad remarriage, and the loss of his only love, Ophelia. The losses that Hamlet has to deal with are the anger and lack of forgiveness build in himself. This allows Hamlet’s true thoughts and character to be revealed through his soliloquies. First, Hamlet reveals his wishesRead MoreEssay about The Nature of Evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet1953 Words   |  8 PagesThe Nature of Evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet Works Cited Missing Hamlet is a Shakespearean revenge tragedy, which was a strong, and entertaining form of drama popular in the Elizabethan era during which Shakespeare (1562-1616) lived. Hamlet, like many of Shakespeares plays has been inspired by another famous tragedy, in this case, The Spanish TragedyRead MoreThe Extent to Which Gertrude was the Center of Evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1461 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Center of Evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Throughout ‘Hamlet’ we are presented with two possible readings of Gertrude. The first comes from the impression of her forced upon us by the discussions and accusations of Hamlet and the Ghost. The second comes from the lines of Gertrude herself. If we were to follow the first of these two possibilities, placing our trust in the hands of a very possibly insane Hamlet, we accuse GertrudeRead More Hamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in the Play Hamlet by William Shakespeare933 Words   |  4 PagesHamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in the Play Hamlet by William Shakespeare Hamlet’s Transformation from Good to Evil In the play Hamlet by Shakespeare, Hamlet endures exorbitant amount of pain and anger because of his father’s death, his mothers hasty remarriage, and the loss of his only love, Ophelia. The losses that Hamlet has to deal with, the anger and lack of forgiveness that he allows to build within himself, allows Hamlet’s true thoughts and character to be revealed through his

Biography of Margaret of Anjou, Henry VIs Queen

Margaret of Anjou (March 23, 1429–August 25, 1482) was the queen consort of Henry VI of England and a leader of the Lancastrian side in the  Wars of the Roses  (1455–1485), a series of battles for the English throne between the houses of York and Lancaster, both of which descended from Edward III.  Her marriage to the ineffectual, mentally unbalanced Henry VI was arranged as part of a truce in another conflict, the  Hundred Years’ War between  France  and England.  Margaret appears many times in William Shakespeares history plays. Fast Facts: Margaret of Anjou Known For: Henry VIs queen and a fierce partisanAlso Known As: Queen MargaretBorn: March 23, 1429, probably in Pont-à  -Mousson,  FranceParents: Renà © I, Count  of  Anjou; Isabella, duchess of LorraineDied: Aug. 25, 1482 in Anjou province, FranceSpouse: Henry VIChild: Edward Early Life Margaret of Anjou was born on March 23, 1429, probably in Pont-à  -Mousson,  France, in the Lorraine region. She was raised in the chaos of a family feud between her father and her fathers uncle in which her father, Renà © I, Count  of  Anjou and King of Naples and Sicily, was imprisoned for some years. Her mother Isabella, duchess of Lorraine in her own right, was well educated for her time. Because Margaret spent much of her childhood in the company of her mother and her fathers mother, Yolande of Aragon, Margaret was well educated as well. Marriage to Henry VI On April 23, 1445, Margaret married Henry VI of England. Her marriage to Henry was arranged by William de la Pole, later duke of Suffolk, part of the Lancastrian party in the Wars of the Roses. The marriage defeated plans by the House of York, the opposing side, to find a bride for Henry. The wars were named many years afterward from the symbols of the contending parties: the white rose of York and the red of Lancaster. The king of France negotiated Margarets marriage as part of the Truce of Tours, which gave control of Anjou back to France and provided for peace between England and France, temporarily suspending the fighting known later as the Hundred Years War. Margaret was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Henry had inherited his crown when he was an infant, becoming king of England and claiming kingship of France. The French dauphin Charles was crowned as Charles VII with the aid of Joan of Arc in 1429, and Henry had lost most of France by 1453. During Henrys youth, he had been educated and raised by Lancastrians while the duke of York, Henrys uncle, held the power as protector. Margaret played a significant role in her husbands reign, responsible for raising taxes and for match-making among the aristocracy. In 1448, she founded Queens College, Cambridge. Birth of an Heir In 1453, Henry was taken ill with what has usually been described as a bout of insanity; Richard, duke of York, again became protector. But Margaret of Anjou gave birth to a son, Edward, on Oct. 13, 1451, and the duke of York was no longer heir to the throne. Rumors later surfaced—useful to the Yorkists—that Henry was unable to father a child and that Margarets son must be illegitimate. Wars of the Roses Begin After Henry recovered in 1454, Margaret became involved in Lancastrian politics, defending her sons claim as the rightful heir. Between different claims to succession and the scandal of Margarets active role in leadership, the Wars of the Roses began at the battle of St. Albans in 1455. Margaret took an active role in the struggle. She outlawed the Yorkist leaders in 1459, refusing recognition of York as Henrys heir. In 1460, York was killed. His son Edward, then duke of York and later Edward IV, allied with Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, as leaders of the Yorkist party. In 1461, the Lancastrians were defeated at Towton. Edward, son of the late duke of York, became king. Margaret, Henry, and their son went to Scotland; Margaret then went to France and helped arrange French support for an invasion of England, but the forces failed in 1463. Henry was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1465. Warwick, called Kingmaker, helped Edward IV in his initial victory over Henry VI. After a falling out with Edward, Warwick changed sides and supported Margaret in her cause to restore Henry VI to the throne, which they succeeded in doing in 1470. Warwicks daughter Isabella Neville was married to George, duke of Clarence, son of the late Richard, duke of York. Clarence was the brother of Edward IV and also brother of the next king, Richard III. In 1470, Warwick married (or perhaps formally betrothed) his second daughter Anne Neville to Edward, prince of Wales, son of Margaret and Henry  VI, so both Warwicks bases were covered. Defeat and Death Margaret returned to England on April 14, 1471, and on the same day, Warwick was killed at Barnet. In May 1471, Margaret and her supporters were defeated at the battle of Tewkesbury, where Margaret was taken prisoner and her son Edward was killed. Soon afterward her husband, Henry VI, died in the Tower of London, presumably murdered. Margaret was imprisoned in England for five years. In 1476, the king of France paid a ransom to England for her, and she returned to France, where she lived in poverty until her death on Aug. 25, 1482, in Anjou. Legacy As Margaret and later Queen Margaret, Margaret of Anjou has played major roles in various fictional accounts of the tumultuous era. She is a character in four of William Shakespeares plays, all three Henry VI plays and Richard III. Shakespeare compressed and changed events, either because his sources were incorrect or for the sake of the literary plot, so Margarets representations in Shakespeare are more iconic than historical. The queen, a fierce fighter for her son, her husband, and the House of Lancaster, was described as such in Shakespeares The Third Part of King Henry VI: She-wolf of France, but worse than wolves of France, Whose tongue more poisons than the adders tooth Always strong-willed and ambitious, Margaret was relentless in her efforts to secure the crown for her son, but she ultimately failed. Her fierce partisanship embittered her enemies, and the Yorkists didnt hesitate to allege that her son was a bastard. Sources Margaret of Anjou. Encyclopedia.com.Margaret of Anjou: Queen of England. Encyclopedia Britannica.Margaret of Anjou. New World Encyclopedia.10 Facts About Margaret of Anjou. Historyhit.com.

Propanganda Used in The Hunger Games Essay - 1497 Words

What would you do to survive? To get the chance to return to your home, embrace your loved ones and breathe the sweet air of victory? In ancient times, around 200 BCE, men were taken as slaves and were put in huge areas, were they had to fight their opponent to the death. This was a form of entertainment for the Roman Empire, and was also a form of dominance, to show the control the Roman Empire had over its people. As Jack London said, â€Å"Kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, that was the law.† The same can be said for the dystopian society that Katniss Everdeen inhabits. The government uses the annual hunger games as a form of propaganda, to remind the citizens of their past rebellion, and as a means to control them and their actions in the†¦show more content†¦Katniss never would have left District 12 if the thought her family wasn’t safe. She knew she was very lucky to have someone so close to her, who would do whatever it took to take care of her family w hile she was fighting for her life Katniss knows that the maker of the games, will not just throw her into the middle of the area with no training or guidance. That is why she and fellow contestant, Peeta, are given a mentor named Haymitch. First appearing drunkenly incompetent, and seemingly useless, he says â€Å"You don’t interfere with my drinking, and I’ll stay sober enough to help you.† (Collins.) Haymitch is a winner of the hunger games and knows what takes to survive is. Haymitch knows that it winning the hunger games is not all about brute force or sizable strength. It is also about getting citizens to like the tributes, so they will sponsor them and send items in times of dire need. Katniss is very stubborn, and does not consider herself to be a real people pleaser. Neither does Haymitch, as he tell her â€Å"You’ve got about as much charm as dead slug.† (Collins..) Katniss does not really believe that charm is very important and has the mindset that if she can just stay al ive on her own, she has a chance of surviving. Luckily, Katniss meets Cinna, the man who styles her for all of her interviews and events. They have an immediate connection and Cinna knows how important that people recognize Katniss, because being recognized could save her life.

Mountain Biking (384 words) Essay Example For Students

Mountain Biking (384 words) Essay Mountain BikingIf you want the rush of going downhill at thirty miles an hour on two wheels with wind blowing dirt in your eyes and mud flinging all over you, then mountain biking is for you. However it isnt for the faint of heart. When you fall, you fall hard, and if you ride hard, you go through parts like a runner goes through water. Also keep in mind that mountain biking isnt for everyone. You have to want to live on the edge. The thrill is the reward for all of your efforts. So lets take a walk through a day at the course. The sun is shinning in my room as I wake up on another beautiful Saturday morning. The one thing that excites me as I rise is the fact that today I am going mountain biking. So I get dressed and call my friend Sean. Sean is the person who I go mountain biking with the most. We normally go to a place in Barrington. It is a forest reserve that has great trails. After Sean arrives at my house we do a little pre-ride bike check. We make sure that all of the components are securely on the bike and that the tires are properly inflated. With water bottles filled and bikes ready to go, we are off. Not long after we arrive at our destination we see others just like us who are out to enjoy a great day at the trails. With bikes ready to go so are we. Usually we start off with the small trails that have some hills to them. After we are tired of the small stuff we get into downhill chutes, cross-country riding and all the hard riding that mountain biking is all about. Occasionally, we have a spill or two but nothing to serious. In my case however, the only time I go mountain biking by myself, I fall and break my collar bone. So after a few hours of riding all our energy on the course, we decide it is time to go home. You know that you rode hard if you are covered in mud and dirt. And after another successful ride, we go home to plan our next day at the course. Sports and Games Essays

Biosafety Regulation in India free essay sample

India has placed great importance on the development of a strong scientific sector since its early days as an independent country. As a subset of science and technology, India quickly identified the potential biotechnology had for fostering national development. The Sixth Five Year Plan, which set out the developmental priorities of India for 1980 1985, signalled out biotechnology as a useful tool to meet the health and agriculture needs of the Indian population. Later on, in February 1986, a full fledged Department of Biotechnology was created that was independent and which could independently pilot singularly the multi faceted development in biotechnology in the country. These development raised a lot of Biosafety concerns which led to development of regulatory regime around the world. India was one of the earliest countries to establish a biosafety system and Biosafety rules were introduced even before the Convention of Biosafety was adopted at Rio De Janeiro in 1992. The Ministry of Environment amp; Forests had enacted Environment and Protection Act in 1986 to provide for the protection and improvement of environment and the related matters. We will write a custom essay sample on Biosafety Regulation in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Under this act, the Rules for Manufacture, Use/Import/ Export amp; Storage Of Hazardous Micro Organisms/ Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells, 1989 were notified by MoEF through Notification No. 621 in Official Gazette of Govt. of India on December 5, 1989. India was thought to have a regulatory system which was in place to tackle any problem relating to bio safety but the failure of Bt cotton provoked a serious debate regarding the safety of Agriculture Biotechnology in the country. This was a major back to the government and clearly indicated the lack of regulations on the Biotechnology front. In a couple of years, there were a series of legislations to agnate Biosafety regulations which included mainly National Biosafety Act, 2002. There has been a constant chance in the Biosafety regime but the discussion on restructuring of Biosafety regulations never took a back seat and has been a concern even today after almost a decade. The seminar paper will essentially look into the Biosafety regulation in India, what are the lacunas in it. Part-I provides a very brief introduction to the topic. Part-II will be dealing with the framework of the Biosafety regulation in India. The Author has looked at both the national as well as international front. She has also tried to provide a structure of the entire regulatory framework in III part of the Paper. In Part-IV of the paper, the author will be elucidating the Biosafety regulation. The next part (Part-V) will assess the proposal for the structure change. Part V critiques the present structure which exists. Lastly, the author will conclude with certain recommendations. Part-II Framework of Biosafety Regulation When assessing the Indian legal framework for biotechnology, attention must be paid both to international compromises and internal norms. It is party to many treaties which have an impact on the domestic regulation. These treaties pertain to several public international law regimes, such as international trade law, international environmental law, intellectual property law and international human rights law. The National regime has mainly evolved from the EPA, 1986. International Level India is party to several international treaties that directly impact on biotechnology regulation and management. India is a signatory to an agreement establishing WTO, thus it is bound by its agreements and, among them two of them need to be looked into in particular: 1) the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement The agreement prescribes the adjustment of national regulations to international standards, something which can be of relevance in case of standards aimed at safeguarding the quality, biosafety and efficacy of biotechnological products; and 2) the TRIPS agreement, It prescribes the patentability of inventions in any field of technology, including microorganisms. Indian Patent Law has also undergone a lot of changes for the need to adapt Indian law to the TRIPS Agreement. t. The Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002 introduced significant changes with regard to the patentability of biotechnological inventions. By specifically allowing for the patentability of microorganisms, the law complied with the requirement of article 27. 3(b) of the TRIPS Agreement. The exclusion of inventions which represent the ‘discovery of any living thing or non-living substance occurring in nature’, consists of ‘traditional knowledge’ or of ‘known properties of traditionally known components’ would lead to the exclusion from patentability of some biotechnology-based inventions. The Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004, later replaced by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 (Act 15 of 2005) introduced the third set of amendments to the 1970 Patent Act. The key modification was the introduction of product patents for fields of technology previously excluded from protection. This Amendment introduced a new provision (section 3(d)) aimed to prevent the grant of patents on ‘minor’ or ‘frivolous’ inventions. But the most important of them all is the CBD. Article 15. recognises the States sovereign rights over their resources and confers on them the â€Å"authority to determine access to genetic resources†. Article 15. 4 subjects access to foreign resources to â€Å"mutually agreed terms†, while article 15. 5 conditions it to the prior informed consent of the Party providing those resources. Article 15 also requires States to adopt measures to share in a fair and equitable way with the Party providing the genetic resources the r esults of research and development and the benefits deriving from their commercialization and other uses. Hence, disclosure of origin is an important element of the CBD access and benefit-sharing regime, and reflects the interrelationship of the CBD regime with the international intellectual property law system. Proving this interrelationship, in India, failure to disclose the source and origin can result in the invalidation of the patent. India is also a party to the 1977 Budapest Treaty on the Deposit of Microorganisms. Signatory States to this Treaty are obliged to recognise the deposit of a strain or sample of a microorganism claimed in a patent as disclosure of the invention. Patent applicants must deposit the material in an international depository authority. Article 10(4)(ii) of the Patents Act, 1970 alludes to the Budapest Treaty, and sets out the conditions governing the deposit of microorganisms. The Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank is a national facility established in 1986 which, since 2002, has become one of the international depository authorities capable of receiving strains or samples of microorganisms. Under the auspices of the CBD, the Cartagena Protocol was entered into force on September 11, 2003. The Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. It establishes an Advance Informed Agreement procedure for ensuring that countries are provided with the information necessary to make informed decisions before agreeing to the import of such organisms into their territory. The Protocol most significantly enshrines the precautionary principle. The principle is codified in Article 10. of the Protocol, enabling importing countries to base their decision of banning an import due to the potential risk it poses to human health and environment even in the absence of sufficient scientific information about the kinds and extent of risk. India ratified the Protocol and by ratifying the protocol, India and other developing countries would be able to put in place safeguards to ensure safe transfer, handling and use of LMOs and protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by LMOs,. Nat ional Level The present institutional framework is the outcome of a relatively unsystematic evolution which has in its origin the 1986 EPA. The EPA contains the legal foundations of the Indian biotechnology system. Sections 6, 8 and 25 are worth noting: Section 6 enables the Indian government to enact rules on procedures, safeguards, prohibitions and restrictions for the handling of hazardous substances; Section 8 subjects the handling of hazardous substances to safeguards and procedures; and Section 25 empowers the government to continue this task and adopt specific rules and guidelines in the field of biosafety. The provision of the Act provided for a legal background for the Rules for Manufacturing, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms, Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells. These rules were first notified under the EPA, 1986, including the elaboration of a series of guidance documents published by the DBT in 1990, 1998 and 1999. These rules cover the areas of research, development, large-scale use, and import of biotech organisms and their products. They are accompanied by a â€Å"Schedule†, which is a list that identifies and categorises animal and human pathogens according to their risk profile. The most significant provision is Rule 9, which prohibits deliberate or unintentional release of genetically-engineered organisms or cells covered under the schedule for experimental purposes, except when approved as a special case by the regulatory body concerned. It establishes that unless special permission by the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee is granted, it has prohibited the unintentional and deliberate release of genetically modified organisms and cells covered under the schedule for experimental purposes. It clarifies that â€Å"deliberate release† means intentional transfer of GMO/hazardous, microorganisms or cells to the environment or nature. As per Rule 7, the GEAC must also approve the import, export, transport, manufacture, process, use or sell of any hazardous microorganisms of GMO/substances or cells. Rule 8 requires previous approval of the regulatory body for production and discharge of genetically engineered organisms or cells into the environment. Rules 10 and 11 require permission and approval to be taken for substances, products and foodstuffs and additives that contain genetically-engineered organisms or cells. In what follows, the author describes the evolution of the Indian regulatory regime through three phases. Phase I: Establishment of Three-tier regime (1986-2002) In 1986, the government established the Department of Biotechnology imagining a new sector where India could be a global competitor. The Rules for Manufacturing, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms, Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells were notified under the EPA,1986 providing the core basis for regulating GM. The regulatory regime was structured into three tiers: firstly, an Institutional Biosafety Committee, the RCGM and lastly the GEAC. The author has described the function done by each of the committee in the later part of the paper. In 1990, DBT enacted the Recombinant DNA Safety Guidelines supplementing the Biosafety Rules, which have been revised on two occasions (1994, Revised Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology and 1998, Revised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic Plants). These guidelines are crucial for conducting DNA research activities, experimentation, quality control and importation of products resulting from biotechnology. The biosafety rules have been supplemented by the Biotechnology Safety Guidelines issued by the DBT. These Guidelines have been issued in pursuance of Rule 4(2) of the Biosafety Rules, which require manuals of guidelines to be brought out by the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation, a component of the biosafety decision-making apparatus that is serviced by the DBT. The guidelines carry detailed analysis and assessment of biosafety levels. The 1990 and 1994 DBT guidelines recommend appropriate practices, equipments and facilities necessary for safeguards in handling GMOs in agriculture and pharmaceutical sectors. These guidelines cover the Ramp;D activities on GMOs, transgenic crops, large-scale production and deliberate release of GMOs, plants, animals and products into the environment, shipment and importation of GMOs for laboratory research. The 1998 DBT guidelines cover areas of recombinant DNA research on plants including the development transgenic plants and their growth in soil for molecular and field evolution. Phase II: Peak period of Critique (2002-2005) The National Biodiversity Act 2002 and the Biological Diversity Rules aimed at implementing the CBD. The National Biotechnology Act states that its goal is the conservation, sustainable utilization and equitable sharing of the benefits that result from genetic resources. In order to achieve its goals, the Act provides for access and benefit sharing mechanisms (including the disclosure of origin of the genetic material) and incorporates conservation principles. The Act also created a new Institution: the National Biodiversity Authority. Other important norms influencing activities in the biotechnology field are the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act 2001 (provides plant breeders with rights over new plant varieties), the Indian Patent Act (particularly important Section 3(d), regarding patentability criteria), Biosecurity Regulations, the Seed Act and Prevention of Food Adulteration Act. During the same time period, while the GEAC deliberated the release of the Bt Cotton varieties, news broke down that Bt cotton was in fact already planted in large area primarily in the state of Gujarat. The government eventually shut down the contraband seeds, the farmers had already managed to backcross it with their own seeds supply. In the wake of lack of legitimacy and credibility faced by the regulatory regime, a task force including some of the nations’ most distinguished scientists was invited to access the situation. The 2004 Report of the Task Force on the Application of Agricultural Biotechnology chaired by Prof. M. S. Swaminathan recommended the establishment of an autonomous, statutory and professionally-led National Biotechnology Regulatory Authority that would have two separate wings – one dealing with food and agricultural biotechnology, and the other with medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology. The Report provided a practical, specific blueprint for regulators to begin the process of renovation. Regulators integrated the recommendations into their ten year vision, the â€Å"National Biotechnology Development Strategy†, in 2005. Phase III: Peak period of transformation Under the regulatory mechanisms, the new authority recommended a competent single National Biotechnology Regulatory Authority be established with separate divisions for agriculture products/transgenic crops, pharmaceuticals/drugs and industrial products; and transgenic food/feed and transgenic animal/aquaculture. The authority is to be governed by an independent administrative structure with common chairman. The inter-ministerial group will evolve suitable proposals for consideration of the government. As regards the regulation of biotechnology, the Strategy states that the NBRA will be established as an independent, autonomous and professionally led body to provide a single window mechanism for biosafety clearance of genetically modified products and processes. DBT has been given the responsibility to set up the NBRA and until such time as the NBRA is fully functional, biotechnology regulation will continue under the existing regulatory framework. The NBRA requires the passing of its new draft bill in the Parliament before the official shift to the new regime can occur, but as of now it is yet to happen and there are no signs of the draft being introduced in House. It was supposed to be introduced in 2012 Budget session but was not owing to some technical issues. Part- III Structure There is no permanent secretariat to monitor the trials of the GMOs. Instead the regulations are implemented by various ad hoc committees. The biosafety rules are Multi-layered in nature, cross cutting between many ministries. The most important committees are: the Institutional Biosafety Committees, responsible for the local implementation of guidelines; the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulations responsible for issuing permits; and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee responsible for monitoring the large ­scale and commercial use of transgenic materials. These committees have statutory authority. Most of the committee members are from the scientific community and staff of DBT and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. DBT appoints the members to the committees. The GEAC is supposed to be assisted by the State Biotechnology Coordination Committees and District Level Committees (DLC). However, none of the 26 states have established SBCC and DLC committees, not even in areas where field trials are already taking place. Through the biosafety regulations, Government of India established a three-tier regulatory structure at the central level in New Delhi comprising three committees: 1. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committe This committee is under Ministry of Environment and Forests. It approves the use of bioengineered products for commercial applications. This Committee is also responsible for approving activities involving large scale use of bioengineered organisms and recombinants in research and industrial production from an environmental safety angle. Imports of bioengineered food/feed or processed product derived thereof also requires the committees approval. The committee consult RCGM on technical matters relating to clearance of bioengineered crops/products. It takes punitive actions on those found violating GM rules under EPA, 1986. 2. Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation The review committee functions under Department of Biotechnology. It develops guidelines for the regulatory process for research and use of bioengineered products from a biosafety angle. It is also responsible for monitoring and reviewing all ongoing GM research projects up to the multi location restricted field trial stage. The Review Committee undertakes visits to trial sites to ensure adequate security measures are taken. It issues clearance for the import of raw materials needed in GM research projects. It scrutinizes the applications made to the GEAC for the import of bioengineered products. Form Monitoring and Evaluation Committee for biotech crop research projects is also done by this committee. It appoints sub-groups when required in topics of interest to the committee. 3. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee This committee also function under the DBT. It takes note of developments in biotechnology at the national and international level and prepares suitable uidelines for safety in research and applications of GMOs. It also prepares other guidelines as may be required by the GEAC. 4. Monitoring Cum Evaluation Committee This committee is required to undertake field visits at experimental sites, suggest remedial measures to adjust original trial design, assist the RCGM in collecting and analysing field data and collect or cause to collect information on comparative agronomic advantages of transgenic plants. 5. Institutional Biosafety Committee The committee functions at research institution/Organization level. It develops a manual of guidelines for the regulatory process on bioengineered organisms in research, use and application to ensure environmental safety. It authorizes and monitors all ongoing biotech projects to the controlled multi location field stage. It also authorizes imports of bioengineered organisms/transgenic for research purposes. The committee coordinates with district and state level biotechnology committees. 6. State Biotechnology Coordination Committee It functions under the state government where biotech research occurs. It is responsible for periodical reviews the safety and control measures of institutions handling bio-engineered products. It also inspect and take punitive action through the State Pollution Control Boards or the Directorate of Health in case of violations. Nodal agency at the state level to assess damage, if any, due to release of bio-engineered organisms and take on-site control measures. 7. District-Level Committee DLC functions under the district administration where biotech research occurs. It monitors safety regulations in research and production installations. Investigate compliance with rDNA guidelines and report violations to SBCC or GEAC. It is a nodal agency at district level to assess damage, if any, due to release of bio-engineered organisms and take on-site control measures. DBT provides the secretariat for RCGM and MEC, and the MoEF for GEAC. The GoI also issued directives on the setting up a decentralised structure consisting of IBC, SBCCs and DLCs. The biosafety regulations indicate in broad terms the composition and responsibilities of all these six bodies. DBT is represented on all of them except the SBCCs and DLCs. Part III Criticism In the matter of biosafety laws and policies, India was one of the early movers in the developing world. But Indias encounter with Bt cotton – the countrys first genetically engineered crop was highly contested and it had rarely conformed to expectations. In the late 2002, Monsanto was able to get clearance for commercial planting of three varieties of genetically engineered Bt cotton from GEAC under Ministry of Environment and Forest. This started a huge debate for the sole reason that they managed to get the clearance despite the inadequate test of biosafety and viability. If that was not enough, the permission was granted without taking into consideration the fact that RFSTE had filed a case in Supreme Court the 1998 stating that there were numerous irregularities and violations of biosafety laws and guidelines in previous years trials. Even in such a situation permission was granted to Monsanto-Mahyco. There were reports pouring in from different parts of the country of a failed or unsatisfactory harvest of the first commercial transgenic Bt cotton crop. It raised several challenges for policy and governance, specially from the implementation aspect. For example, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 provides penal provision under Section 15, which include fine and imprisonment the flagrant violation. In the case of Nav Bharat Seed Company, which released an illegal Bt Cotton variety in violation of all prescribed rules and procedures, there is no implementation of the law and they are not being punished till date. This clearly establishes ineffectiveness of the penal/liability provisions under the regime. The penal provisions are also not clear with respect to violation of the two guidelines published by the RCGM (DBT). But undoubtedly, the experience of Gujarat will be recalled in the history of biotechnology as one of the largest trial (with full public knowledge and without any responsible monitoring or evaluation by public agencies at similar scale) of an illegally released technology ever done by people themselves, oblivious of any environmental or other consequence. The iasco which happened more than a decade back where introduction of a genetically modified variety of cotton seed into the Indian agricultural system resulted in large scale crop failure, massive environmental degradation and innumerable farmer suicides shook the entire Indian legal and economic system awoke it to the fact that it was not entirely prepared to embrace what the world was hailing as a panacea to all problems of food scarcity-Genetically Modified Organisms (or GMOs). The controversy has moved from Bt cotton to futuristic GMO Bt Brinjal in the past 10 years. Biosafety regulations still comes under severe criticism even though efforts are put by the government from time to time. The biosafety framework lacks any clear hierarchy between the various bodies and there exists no demarcation between various bodies. The Monsanto-Mahyco fiasco highlighted the anomaly that existed between the understandings of field trials as mere experimental research by the DBT as opposed to deliberate release into the environment by the MoEF. In addition despite provision for authorities such as the SBCC and the DLC at the decentralized level these regulatory bodies have not been set up in most of the states and districts of the country. Industries claim that the absence of a transparent system has also led to an unnecessary doubts in the minds of the public about the implications of GMOs. Ideally, the process used to develop a national biosafety system should be transparent and the level of involvement of the public and/or stakeholder or special interest groups as legislation, regulations, or guidelines are being developed, ought to be considered. Moreover, the DBT deals with companies on a case  ­by  ­case basis. This prevents the industries from pleading their cases collectively. However, this also presents some advantage to the industries. For example, they do not have to take a public stand on any controversies regarding transgenics. Confusion exists with legislations also; At least five existing legislations in force in India have a potential impact on the regulation of GM products in the country. It is essential for the biosafety regulations to recognize them and work in tandem with them and reinforce each other. Among the most prominent problems resulting from this multiplicity is the alleged lack of coordination of the several agencies that play a role in the Indian biotech regulatory framework. These agencies are often placed under the control of different ministries, and operate at very different administrative levels. This makes it difficult to guarantee the consistency of their work and affects those who take part in the approval process of biotechnological products. With the multiplicity of authorities, the tedious and complex approval procedures have also been identified as challenges. The need for simplification and streamlining of procedures has already been acknowledged. In the specific field of agrobiotechnology, a Task Force created in 2003 came to the conclusion that the system needed â€Å"review and rationalization†, as well as a â€Å"reduction in the levels and number of steps required in evaluation and environmental clearance of GM products/transgenics† and â€Å"transparency and professionalism in the regulatory process†. Additionally, the lack of clear guidelines enables industries to have more influence on the guideline formulation and implementation. Some industries claim that the regulatory authorities often come out with whimsical guidelines. When the guidelines need amendments, arbitrary arguments arise. The usual debate between industrial firms and DBT stems from the lack of data to serve as models for local experiments. DBTs knowledge base and scientific base for determining protocol for field testing remains weak. Industrial firms prefer to use data from other countries and suggest that there is no need to reinvent the wheel in experiments involving GMOs. Even the Environmental organizations such as the Gene Campaign and the Research Foundation for Science Technology and Ecology (RESTE) criticize biosafety policy for ignoring specific Indian needs and environmental conditions. For instance, copying the USA legislation, as some critics accuse India of, neglects the dangers of cross ­ fertilization. The danger is much higher in a biodiversity ­ rich country like India compared to a biodiversity ­ poor country like USA. There are criticism that the RCGM does not involve any participation from either research level (universities, research institutes) or user level (industry, consumers, farmers). As a consequence, both the governing bodies and the system of policy making lack transparency. The absence of NGO representation in any of the regulatory committees has been particularly noted. According to Vandana Shiva of RESTE, they have the technical experts in biosafety assessment to merit participation in these committees. In the symposium in New Delhi, representatives from the Ministry of Environment and Fishery openly admitted that they do not have the structure or resources in terms of finance, expertise and facilities to ffectively assess, enforce and monitor biosafety regulations in India. At this stage, Indias experience has been limited to small field trials. Doubts are being raised about the countrys preparedness to meet the potential risks arising from GMOs. For instance, when transgenic crops are commercialized on a large scale, can biosafety regulations be monitored? As of now, the absence of an effective system to monitor imports of agricultural commodities and plan t materials appears to be highly problematic. In India the dangers of GMOs receive a lot of public and media attention. The apprehensions about GMOs are linked, amongst others, with concerns for biodiversity preservation. Cross ­fertilization may result in the loss of indigenous species because of competition in the ecological system. The potential dangers include the displacement or destruction of indigenous or endemic species; and exposure of species to new pathogens. In response to such criticisms, DBT plans to conduct activities to enhance awareness and technical expertise about biosafety. This includes training of scientists, and visits to countries with biosafety policies such as the USA. DBT hopes to improve their data base on biosafety regulations. On the other hand, NGOs such as RESTE are contributing to the information campaign. However, the overall institutional capacity building to effectively enforce and monitor biosafety policies remain inadequate. Part-V Analysis-Proposed Structural Changes The Draft Biotechnology Bill, 2008 is already surrounded by controversies even before it can become a concrete law. There are several lacunas which need to be addressed before giving final shape to this bill. First of all, the bill is â€Å"National Biotechnology Regulatory Bill, 2008† but when declared in policy it clearly states that it aims to regulate modern biotechnology in which also they have included only the genetic engineering whose products or processes it is going to regulate(other methods involved in biotechnology are haploid culturing, sterile plant generation, etc by mutagenesis). This makes the title too broad as compared to the objectives of the bill. The DBT ought to know that biotechnology covers some 30 areas, of which many need to be regulated. These areas include stem cells, nanobiotechnology, biological warfare, vaccines, bioinformatics, organ transplantation, new drug delivery systems, new materials such as spider silk and bacterial ropes, plant-based traditional drug formulations, and assisted reproductive technologies. But the proposed bill is confined to Genetically Manipulated Organisms (GMOs) and their products. There are a series of other problem highlighted by the critique. There is a need to look into fact that we have a regulatory procedure in place already involving the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) of the DBT and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) of the Ministry of Environment and Forests. We are first required to highlight the problems which subsists in the current procedure and then attempt to ensure that those lacuna does not exist in the new bill. There are many problems which persists in the current regulatory regime which are not addressed by the Draft Bill, 2008 as well. Taking the case where the present system does not prescribe any penalty for contamination of a non-GMO farm by GMOs in an adjoining farm, the draft bill is also silent. The central government has tried to setup a centralized authority to regulate modern biotechnology as this will enable better mobility of application forms and less problems for the applicant but, it has ignored the role of state governments in whose territory all the applications of modern biotechnology is going to take place. In case if any accident takes place for example, contamination of non-GMO farms due to nearby GMO farms, then how will National Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India is going to compensate for such losses suffered by state (due to damage of its environment) and the farmer whose farm has suffered. Since, just levying fine on the guilty cannot solve the problem. The bill is supposedly up for public debate. They have ignored many stakeholders from the report who are directly going to get affected by biotechnology products or processes. Farmers are the largest stakeholders in the business of GMOs, yet their representation at the meetings appeared to be minimal and unrepresentative. In addition, the selection and eligibility criterion for selecting the person for a particular function is not mentioned properly. All this reduces the transparency of the proposed Bill. The proposed bill has little substantive content, and no rules and regulations have been circulated or debated. Whatever little substance it has, is entirely industry-centric and not people or farmer-centric. They have not mentioned the rules in detail, which is creating the mystery over the whole policy functioning. For example, they talk about taking measures to regulate the use of genetically engineered organisms and products derived thereof as, or in, food and use in human or animal health, agriculture or other applications in India. However, no description of the procedure is given. There are other provisions in the proposed legislation which are cause for concern. For example, there is provision for establishing a tribunal to try cases related to biotechnology. This means that any legal case pertaining to biotechnology will not be under the purview of the judiciary of the land, instead it will come under the purview of this specially constituted tribunal which is unlikely to dispense these cases with fairness. On the other hand, the law does not lay down any norms for the proper labeling of GM crops or food products derived from them. This regulation is essential because there is no other way to distinguish between GM and unmodified food crops. This regulation is strictly followed in all European countries, and if such a regulation is not followed in India all exports of food products, vegetables, flowers etc. to the European Union from India will be stopped. The major change that the Draft Bill brings is the establishment of the NBSA which is going to be an autonomous body. The proposed authority is top-heavy. It would make the processing of an application far more cumbersome than it is today. It has been said that the proposed authority will be autonomous but the bill does not say how that autonomy would be exercised. Finally, the use of term international standards is very much vague. Since, countries have their own policies, so which country policy are they referring as each country has its own policy. For example, will they follow Switzerland, which has put a moratorium on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) until 2012, or the European Union, which requires labeling of GM food, or the U. S. that, for all practical purposes, has no regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). These are some of the issues which needs to be addressed and taken account of before passing yet another law in the series of law which already exists but fail to serve the purpose for which they exist. Part Conclusion As a developing country which is agrarian economy, India still has much to gain from the creation of the regulatory framework that can promote biosafe application of GE technology. Thus, the answer to the problems of biosafety regulations in India is neither simple nor straightforward. The debates on the success or failure of GM crops or biotechnology are going to continue but by trying to pass the Draft legislation the government is trying to send the message that no hindrance would be brooked in India on the path of widespread introduction of GM crops in India by the multinational corporations. But it is important to keep in mind that biotechnology-driven agriculture is so capital intensive that small farmers are not able to sustain it, and are driven off from their lands and livelihoods. The goal of the Indian regulatory system is to ensure that GM crops pose no major risk to food safety, environmental safety, and agricultural production, and that there are no adverse economic impacts on farmers. As more genetically engineered plants are being developed for commercial release, concerns have been expressed about their safety. The concept of food safety assurance has assumed importance as with any method of genetic manipulation, there is a possibility of introducing unintended changes along with intended changes, which in turn have an impact on the health and nutritional status of the consumer. The author did an extensive study of the regulatory regime and realised that the establishment of a transparent and credible biosafety regulatory framework is essential for the commercialization of biotechnology products. To sum up in the words of M. S. Swaminathan, â€Å"GM foods have the potential to solve many of the world’s hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides. Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, industrial policy and food labeling.

Gueule de bois - French Expression

Gueule de bois - French Expression Expression: Gueule de bois Pronunciation: [gool d(eu) bwa] Meaning: hangover Literal translation: wooden mouth Register: informal Notes A hangover is, hopefully, not something you have every day, but when you do, it might be helpful to know that the French translation is la gueule de bois. Gueule is an informal term for mouth, and de bois describes how dry it feels when you have a hangover. Coincidentally, bois is also the first and second person present conjugation of boire  - ​ to drink. Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Bonne Annà ©e ! Ne bois trop de champagne, tu ne veux pas avoir la gueule de bois demain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Happy New Year! Dont drink too much champagne, you dont want to have a hangover tomorrow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Oh l l, ma tà ªte ! Jai la gueule de bois.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ohh, my head! I have a hangover/Im hung over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Quest-ce que tu vas faire pour soigner ta gueule de bois  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  What will you do to cure your hangover? More Expressions with avoirMost common French phrasesNew Years in France

Public Relations Crisis Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Relations Crisis Management Plan - Essay Example These calls for the need to ensure better inter organizational communication. Advancements in technology and the role of media have also assumed to be of significant importance to business organizations. The immense reach, popularity and the influence of media in shaping public opinion has augured the need for having a dedicated public relations department that seeks to leverage the media to shape a positive opinion and image of the firm in the minds of the customers. The role of the public relations department also assumes significance in areas of crisis management in organizations as they largely tend to act as medium of communication between the organization and the external world. SWOT Strengths The main strengths of the company include a strong brand image of the organization and a product portfolio that has an evergreen demand in the market. The company’s presence in a market like Australia also adds to its bouquet of strengths. Certain other strengths include a talented and motivated employee base along with sound financial strength of the organization. Weakness The major weakness arises in the aspect of the rising cost of fuel and raw materials and it’s over dependence on external suppliers for raw materials. Opportunities The rising disposable income and demand for products such as cars largely influence growth of prospects for Hypothetica oils. The surge in demand witnessed over the last few years with an optimistic future largely emerges as an area of opportunity. Opportunities also exist in the form of new markets like China that have high potential. Threats The threats to the company arise mainly from the high extent of competition in the Australian market. Presence of large number of competitors in the market leads to a situation where market share and profit margins have reduced significantly thus generating considerable threats for the organization’s profitability and sustainability. Target Publics Primary Publics The first step towards shaping a public relations strategy involves selecting the public’s to be targeted. Publics constitute a collection of a number of individuals that have a set of similar interests and value proposition with regards to a particular scenario (Millar & Heath, 2004, p.42). Primary publics constitute the individuals that a firm tries to generate influence. This largely consists of individuals whose thoughts largely help in ensuring profitability and sustainability for the business. In the case of Hypothetica oil the primary publics would consist of the customers of the organization and the common people at large who form a part of the social network of the company. This would also include the employees of the organization as it is largely important to have a positive image of the organization in the minds of the employees as it largely helps in inducing motivation which is very critical to the success and sustainability of an organization. Secondary Publics Secondary publics include members of target audience that have the

Assignment list Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

List - Assignment Example The shopper describes that her love for shoes attracted her to a certain pair of shows that matched her mothers’ favorite, Prada. The price tag on the pair of shoes was $519.99 at the time of purchase and did not include offers as some other versions have. The shopper emphasizes that the only reason that attracted her to the shoes is because they looked so beautiful and she could not pass the chance of acquiring such exquisite pair of shoes. For this shopper it is evident that emotion played a major role in making the decision to purchase the pair of shoes. The association of the shoe design and brand with her mother’s attraction to the same shows that the shopper was acting emotionally rather than analytic. The shopper does not mention having been attracted to the pair of shoes by its perceived quality or the need to purchase the shoes. Shopper 2: International trends affect a range of individuals and especially customers that follow these trends. Shopper 2 bought the Samsung Galaxy Note4 at an online price of an unlocked device of $770. For a phone, the shopper feels like he spent too much but the same time explains that the decision to buy the Note 4 was a result of long hours or analysis of the functionality of different makes and brands. Since the shopper is an academic researcher, the choice to buy the costly device did not have any emotional attachment to it. The lack of emotional attachment is associated with the fact that the shopper had been sampling different devices and eventually settled for the Galaxy Note 4. 2. Think of a recent purchase that you believe included a significant amount of risk for you. What type(s) of risk were involved? How did you attempt to minimize risk? (If you did not attempt to minimize your risk, explain your thinking.) One of the most recent purchases did not involve a product; it rather involved buying a service. In order to be efficient in moving from work to school and then back home requires some form of

DMC Review Papers Essay Example for Free

DMC Review Papers Essay As Mr. Grant, CEO of DMC has realized, the current growth strategy of the company is insufficient. DMC needs to identify their primary business problems and prepare a new or revised strategy with alternative tactics to address it. Even though DMC had grown to become a multi-billion dollar company and consistently ranked in the top five in their industry, DMC’s returns between 2008 and 2012 showed great profits and loss swings unpredictably. These ranged from a net income loss of $1.5 billion in 2008, . 9 billion in 2009, to a profit of $1.9 billion in 2010, $1.7 billion in 2011 then a loss of 1 billion in net income in 2012, the most recent year. (Table 1) Despite of the up-side-down net income and over $3 billion in long-term debt, DMC was able to make financial arrangements for a line of credit of from $500 million to nearly $2 billion to finance potential acquisitions of major competitors whose financial situations made them available. DMC’s top management team is well aware that a major change in strategy causes other changes. This also causes each manager concerned how his/her own area will change, even while they all know they have to help determine a direction that is the best overall choice for the company. They are well aware that the current growth strategy is insufficient. Top management team also need to consider whether or not a chosen target segment is profitable enough to pursue, and how these changes might influence manufacturing, supply chain, and personnel. Depending upon future direction, there will likely be an impact on information system as well. While IT is a progressive management team who is always willing to implement technical solutions to expedite product development and sales, their budget has been constrained along with all departments over the course of recent recession and the variability of returns to the company. Finance and accounting remain concerned about cash flow demands a nd financial activity for major company undertakings. HR knows from experience that major change can have a significant impact on staffing and morale. Besides company own business problems, DMC also faces industry’s issues as well. In the highly volatile electronics industry, international competition put pressure on the way DMC traditionally did business, including with whom, where, and at what price levels. Their ability to respond rapidly to market change is always difficult, based upon the nature of the product and the heavy investment required for future technologies. As a result, development costs continue to rise while sale margins have dropped steadily. In their industry, innovation is not an option, but an absolute necessity and maintaining a competitive advantage and building market share comes slowly and only to the best and smartest companies. DMC needs to consider the selling to wholesale distributor, particularly VAR. The VAR group always has irregular demand, as they react to the supply chain cycle of their small manufacturing customers and budget cycles for equipment upgrade customers. This segment is highly price sensitive, demanding attractive discounts and low delivery costs. Because of their reactions to the change in the market, DMC will be affected as numbers of demand increase or decrease irregularly, increasing unit cost of production. Now with DMC’s business problems, including within industry problems, have been issued they need a new or revised strategy, which, obviously, would lead to the best overall outcomes. With the problem of net income up and down dramatically and COGS as percentage of sales being a large number affecting net income, DMC needs to find a way to prove selling. They need a more effective way to sell product. Besides, new product development is always important to DMC. The founders believed that the experience of an entrepreneurial driver or team had to start from scratch and create success. They did not believe the future evolved from forecasting or planning in the technology world. The company identified outstanding managers coming up through the ranks, selected a few each year, and gave each $5 million to â€Å"make something happen.† With three or four new product efforts each year, they recognized most might fail, but hoped the winners would make up for the losers. With that in mind, DMC tries to create the own personal computer and touch screen products. It might fail  most of the time but it only needs one success to build up the brand and the future direc tion of the company. DMC really needs to take direct sales to the end user customer into consideration. Even though the Business-to-consumer (B2C) is not common in the electronic components industry, it is well worth the try. After an informal meeting with VP of IT, CEO Grant understands the possibility of moving into B2C without a large capital outlay if they could allocate some dedicated programming time to the project. There are still some concerns over the fact that the sales team would have to be heavily involved in any project like this and smaller orders would not be cost effective and would require too much support for product selection. However, the IT team’s view of sales on the web was that it could a relatively automated process, with a built-in digital configurator tool to help customers choose the right parts with minimal human intervention overall. With the B2C on the line, DMC can seriously consider cutting wholesale distributor like VAR. They not only can save the dollars-turn in every product but also avoid the irregular demand from VAR. With the B2C interface, DMC has the advantage knowing what customers need and the way they thinking. DMC can react quickly to market change and therefore save a lot of money in cost of unit production. B2C e-commerce has a lot of advantages in the business world nowadays. By using B2C, DMC can easily reach worldwide market with unlimited volume of customers. They also can display information, pictures, and prices of products or services without spending a fortune on colorful advertisements. By reducing the cost of advertisements, DMC can save a lot of money and use that to spend for new product development and make up the cost of changing strategies toward each functional division effectively. In some cases, B2C e-commerce makes order processing an easier task than before. With that, DMC als o can save up a lot of cost production and use that to make the selling more effective. One of the biggest advantages of B2C e-commerce is that DMC can operate on decreased, little, or even no overhead. Also, as VP of manufacturing Bret Hendricks expresses, DMC manufactured  division already do a great job of controlling costs and improving processes. He strongly feels his group cannot achieve any more efficiencies from the manufacturing lines unless they do a major overhaul and replace some of the manufacturing systems. With the strong competition from foreign suppliers who receiving funding from government, DMC really needs to find a way to make the manufacturing processes strongly effective. That should be done even it takes a great cost and time to do a major change. In the financial aspect, DMC has been good of negotiating deals with the company’s line credit to create resource and capital for the company major moves like acquisitions and mergers. However, the financial team needs to work on more areas to explore to lower general operating expenses that create problems for the bottom line. The idea of direct sales floating around is very promising. This can create pricing to wash any increased handling costs and significantly exceed the margin offered to their larger wholesale customers to make the new venture worthwhile. However, the difficulty lies on calculating ROI on any type of IT project. There were many variables and intangible benefits to consider. Lastly, if DMC is going to do a major change in strategy, they need to consider the large expenses of doing so. One of the major changes can be made is that DMC might consider insourcing. While outsourcing saves money in the short term, over the long run the company may suffer from not having a large enough employee pool to promote from in certain areas. The IT division of DMC has been doing well over the past. They need to continue to do so and try to explore in some new Business Intelligence tools. That includes the process of running the electronic commerce site. The IT team is a talented team, VP of IT division could try to create things that keep them motivated and create more ideas to help the company’s success. Overall, the main business problems of DMC is their ineffective selling led to dramatically up and down income and their COGS being a large number affecting sales; the functional division that requires lot of things in order to create a change in strategy, this includes cost, time and human resources; management problems of choosing a right market segment; DMC’s  problems within the industry such as international competition, the adaption of market changes response and the increase of development cost. However, DMC also has many opportunities and advantages such as the ability to deal with financial institution with credit card in order to have capital preparing for acquisitions or merger. They also have a good IT team, manufacturing process and talented human resources. DMC already established their reputation as one of the dominant computer component manufacturers in the world. Recommendation for DMC is that they should consider creating a major change in strategy and manufacturing process to make the company sales more effective. In order to do so, they would need to prepare a brief and careful plan because it requires much of cost and time involving all of the company divisions. DMC also needs to invent and explore more to create new products and choose the right market segment. They need to find a way to deal with international competition’s pressure and respond quickly to market change. COGS as percentage of sales needs to be adjusted so that the net income and sales of the company don’t be affected in a wrong way. Lastly, because DMC has problems with market changing and wholesale distributor’s irregular demands, they should seriously consider starting B2C e-commerce. The advantages of B2C e-commerce could really change the status of the company and make sales and manufacturing process more effective.

Are Americans Allergic to Traveling Abroad? :: essays research papers

â€Å"Are Americans allergic to traveling abroad?† I asked Poonam, an immigrant from Nepal, who states that such a notion is â€Å"ridiculous†. Nepal has suffered lately due to a despotic ruler. The newspapers have recently reported that the king has cut off Nepal from the rest of the world by closing airports and shutting down communication. Poonam’s father owns a resort in Nepal, and his family has struggled to keep business open through these tough times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How do you explain that only 15% of Americans have passports to travel abroad? Is it because we are lazy?† Poonam furthers that Americans are not lazy or allergic to traveling. He points out that Americans do not have the time to travel abroad. The strength of our economy is based on the working class. He points out that most employees only receive one to two weeks of vacation. In Nepal if he were to take a vacation, his employer would give him one to two months off so that he can travel and enjoy himself. He explains that to travel to Nepal, it takes two days to get there and two takes to get back home (Baltimore). The weary traveler usually needs a day or two after each way to recover from any jet lag or from the pure exhaustion of balancing airplane and other time schedules. Poonam also points out, the vast land in United States allows Americans the opportunity to take mini-trips that can be very enriching. This is one of his favorite aspects of ou r country. Poonam who works 72 hour work weeks without overtime, will spend his only day off taking his son and wife to Washington D.C. or Philadelphia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We both agree that this point is overlooked. Traveling abroad is reserved for those who do not have to work – the independently wealthy. Poonam does not believe that apathy prevents us from travel, but rather our drive to succeed in our careers. I posed the question as to whether or not we work too much? He reminds me of the French government who require mandatory vacations and 35 hours work weeks. I counter with a recent news article that reported a decline in the French economy. The French government is thinking of reversing the 35 hour work week law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am definitely very interested in traveling. I have started taking French lessons so that I can travel abroad.

Challenges Children Face in Divorced Families Essay

The death of a parent is less devastating to a child than a divorce. (Billota, 2012) There are long term and short effects that children face during and post divorce. There are six stations in which most couples face while going through these trials. About fifty percent of married couples will get a divorced before the children are of the age of 18. (Scott, 2010) Since divorce is so complex I will discuss some guidelines on how to ease the pain on children growing up or going through a household in which parents are getting a divorce. The death of a parent is less devastating to a child than a divorce. (Billota, 2012) After carefully analyzing this statistic I can say that I agree with the statistical fact. Speaking from personal experience, I feel like I am a creditable source and can relate to this topic of Challenges Children Faced in Divorced Families. Another statistic is that half of American children, under the age of eighteen will witness the actual break of their parents and half of those children will also witness the failure of the second marriage. The percentage of children being raised without their fathers in America is an astonishing forty percent. Children who experienced a divorce are more like to be at a higher risk for illness or injury such as asthma, headaches, and speech defects. (Billota, 2012) These are just a few of the statistical facts that children of divorce face. My name is Mayra and I am a statistic. I come from a divorced family; I witnessed the breakup of my parents and both of their second marriages. I am a divorcee, my son is a recipient of speech therapy and I was raised without a father. Divorce is a death of a commitment and a promise, but unlike a death of a parent, it isn’t someone we mourn and then slowly move forward from, it is a death that we have to deal with on a day to day basis. This is why the death of a parent is less devastating to a child than of a divorce. (Billota, 2012) â€Å"I, Mayra, take thee, Erick, to be my lawful wedded husband. To have and to hold from this day forward; for better or for worse; in sickness and in health; to love, to honor, obey, and cherish; from this day forward; till death do us part.† These are common broken vows. Why do people marry? According to our text, people marry for love and commitment as well to avoid the inevitable feeling of loneliness. (Scott, 2010) A steady companionship is ideal in society and although that isn’t the sole reason for marriage, it is one of the major reason people pursue marriage. Other reasons people get married besides personal fulfillment, can be for financial reasons, wealth, power and reproductive reasons. (Scott, 2010) In a perfect world everyone would live a fairytale marriage and live a happily ever after. In today’s society divorce is what happens when couples don’t work out. Some might refer to it as a trend; do to the simple fact that in the most recent years the numbers of divorce rates have increased to a little more than 1 million a year. (Scott, 2010) Factors that affect marital stability are, but not refined just to, age of first marriage, education of individuals, income, religion, parental divorce, cohabitation, and presence of children. (Scott, 2010) There are different stages in the process of divorce. Starting from when the conflict between the married couple begins and last a period of time; to the initiation of legal paperwork; to the spouses’ adaption to the dissolution of the troubled marriage. (Scott, 2010) As mentioned above some factors that affect marital stability include the presence of children. Marriages can last longer if children are indeed present do to the fact that parents don’t want their children to grow up in a broken home; it can be imposed values or the sense of guilt. In cases when the marriage cannot be salvaged and there are children involved in the dissolution; it is best that the parents take time to careful initiate the process while providing stability and structure. (Scott, 2010; Block, Kemp, & Smith, 2012) The six stations that married couples face as they divorce are: emotional, legal economic, coparental, community and psychic divorce. During the emotional station, either one or both partners begin to question their marriage based on the viability or quality. One or both partners may withdraw emotionally, withhold feelings and may withhold affection. Intentionally hurting one another may occur because of the frustration, anger or resentment that they might feel towards each other or one another. Separation during this stage is common and it is common to do so after an argument or fight. (Scott, 2010) It is crucial that from this stage parents recognize that in order to avoid their children from feeling the stress and the pain of a divorce, that they provide structure, love and reassurance to the children. One thing to remember is not to belittle one another or argue in front of the children. (Block, Kemp, & Smith, 2012) During my emotional station, we both detached from one another and intentionally hurt one another by verbally insulting each other. An argument that occurred while placing an order at a restaurant was all it took to know that the person that I married knew nothing about me after 6 years of marriage. I took into account that I had a son and I didn’t want him to grow up without both parents, but I figured it wasn’t a healthy marriage and I couldn’t hide my pain, it showed and affected my relationship with my son. I left within a couple of days of that argument. Second station: The legal divorce officially ends the matrimony and gives both parties the right to remarry or see other people as they please. This is a deliberating period of time and usually takes months before it’s finalized. Divorce can be expensive and result in either spousal support, alimony, and or child support, which leads’ us to our third station: economic divorce. Economic divorce involves the economical settlements of tangible items that may have been accrued during the marriage. It includes homes, cars, bank accounts, investments and any future earnings. This station is not applicable to every marriage being that not every marriage last as long and may or may have not accrued much. Stations two and three may also affect the challenges the children face during these periods. Children may face the challenge of not seeing either parent for long periods of time and have to incorporate a new schedule and routine. It is common for a father to become less involv ed with their children during this period because of their perceptions of possible sources of support. Fathers may feel that by providing child support they no longer have resume their ties to fatherly duties. During the economic station, children may also face economical changes. It is common for the mother to have custody and usually in household incomes the father has a higher income. If they live with the mother the child may not live the life as if both parents combined their income causing stress and emotional pain to a child. (Scott, 2010) Being involved with the children after divorce is a great way to reassure them that they have both parents’ regardless of the separation. And even through the economical changes, providing the children with a safe secure home, establishing a routine, and providing structure will ease the challenges the children face. (Block, Kemp, & Smith, 2012) Children react to divorce by having feeling of denial, anger, sadness, rejection, despair and grief and loneliness. Station 4 the coparental divorce involves the responsibilities the parents have to the children that include, custody, visitation, and financial and legal aspects of it. (Scott, 2010) Engaging in custody battle adds an abundant amount of stress to all parties, especially the children. Ensuring that the children don’t get caught in between battle is important. Parents should make sure they don’t have the children chose sides and always remember it should be in the best interest of the child. (Block, Kemp, & Smith, 2012) The community divorce, station five, involves the changes of the social relationships which includes relatives and friends that are associated with a former spouse. This can act as a loss to either family member. Having to detach from relatives, such as in-laws, mutual friends, family members of the former spouse, puts a toll on everyone because people are left to feel like they have to choose sides. Children face the challenges of losing friends and the luxury of having the sense of family. (Scott, 2010) In my personal situation, mutual friends were forced to take sides because my former spouse couldn’t handle the thought of sharing anything that had to do with me. Former family members feel like they can’t invite to family parties out of respect to my ex, but it affects my son because, he misses his father’s family. Situations like these are best handled by presenting as a united front. (Block, Kemp, & Smith, 2012) The psychic divorce, sixth station, has no time frame and involves defining yourself as single person rather than a couple. During this process, people mourn their failed marriage, use the time to discover their self, distance themselves from the divorce and accept the breakup. The station of difficulty and time varies from individual to individual. (Scott, 2010) Children absorb so much through divorce and being a strong parent, who reassures them that they are not at fault or cause for the divorce helps ease the grief caused by the divorce. Helping children express emotions and committing to listen to the children without getting defensive reassures the unconditional love that you have for them. Adjusting to new circumstances is difficult for children, they can look at divorce as a loss and by supporting their feelings helps create that trust that may have been lost with the divorce. (Block, Kemp, & Smith, 2012) Divorce on children has a short term and long term effect. The short term experiences that are most commonly shared among children whose parents divorced are: rejection, anger, denial, sadness, despair, and grief. Children tend to feel guilty and blame themselves for the divorce and fantasize about parents reuniting. The stresses of this may cause health problems, both physical and psychological. Health problems may be caused by the lack of health insurance following the divorce, which creates a health problematic for children. The stress of the divorce may lead to depression and leave the children feeling incompetent. This depends on the guidance of the parents and the adjustment process of the child. Long term effects may not be as clear and consistent. Long term effects are long-lasting and interfere with the process of social-emotional developmental. (Scott, 2010) Children of divorced families are four more times likely to have problems with their peers. It is also said that boys who come from divorced parents tend to be more aggressive toward their peers than those who don’t come from a broken home. (Billota, 2012) The adult children of divorced parents show much more anxiety and have a higher rate of having failing interpersonal relationships. The more common long term effect of children of divorced parents is low self-esteem, depression and school and behavior problems. These are the negative effects and challenges children face. (Scott, 2010) Support for marriage and families can be found online, within the community and schools. Some schools provide affordable counseling services. Parents who decide to divorce are encouraged to learn about the effects children face during divorce. It may help reduce risks children might face during and after the process. There is a high risk for fathers to be less involved with their children after divorce, so it is encouraged that families promote activities that involve parents and children so that it help them stay connected (Scott, 2010) Important guidelines to help children cope are, telling the truth, saying â€Å"I love you†, addressing the changes, avoid blaming anyone, listening and acknowledging feelings, having patience, providing reassurance, and providing a structured routine. When in doubt, it is encouraged to seek professional help. (Block, Kemp, & Smith, 2012) By providing all the above, helps give the children a sense a security and perhaps the hope that everything is for the better. It would be nice if children from divorced families could break the vicious cycle of divorce. I can say that for two yours I put a lot effort into making my marriage work. I encourage everyone to take premarital counseling and post-marital counseling. I believe to have a strong successful marriage there needs to be a solid foundation of communication, trust and respect. Love is an emotion and in most cases conditional, the only unconditional love that I ever known is for my son. I can’t say that for everyone. If I would have known that I was going to cause so much emotional pain getting a divorce, never in a million years would have given up after two years. The death of a parent is less devastating to a child than a divorce. (Billota, 2012) Works Cited Billota, L. (2012, March 23). 18 Shocking Statistics About Children and Divorce. Retrieved from Marriage Success Secrets website: http://www.marriage-success-secrets.com/statistics-about-children-and-divorce.html Block, J., Kemp, G., & Smith, M. (2012, March 21). Children and Divorce. Retrieved from Helpguide.org: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/children_divorce.htm Scott, M. A. (2010). Marriages and Families. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Sha’Lynn Ayler . Mrs. Cowan. Honor English 12 4Th Block.

Sha’Lynn Ayler Mrs. Cowan Honor English 12 4th Block 20 February 2017 The Life of Ted Hughes In the â€Å"The Hawk in the Rain,† Ted Hughes writes, â€Å"I drown in the drumming ploughland, I drag up / Heel after heel from the swallowing of the earth’s mouth, / From clay that clutches my each step to the ankle / With the habit of the dogged grave, but the hawk/ Effortlessly at height hangs his still eye† (News about Ted Hughes†). This is Hughes’ first and most accomplished collection to this day. During the twentieth century Hughes produced some of his most important works that became influential in todays’ society. Hughes was famous for his animal poems that was written for both adolescence and adult audiences. Ted Hughes’ works were†¦show more content†¦Throughout Ted Hughes’ works his fascination with animals is vastly prevalent. During Hughes’ childhood his family moved to Mexborough when he was seven years old. The Hughes’ family resided in rural area. Hughes as well as his childhood friends would often interact with the animals within the community. He would capture birds, foxes, and fish for loaches. He developed a passion for animals at the early age of four when he was given a photographic book of animals on his fourth birthday. The book had descriptions of the animal’s history which was rather advanced for a young child. Hughes attempted to draw and copy the pictures within the book. He relished collecting living creatures, such as mice (Feinstein 8-9). In addition, with the influence of his brother Gerald Hughes, Ted Hughes had a desire for hunting and shooting animals, uncommon among the others that live in the village. According to London Times contributor Thomas Nye, Hughes once confessed â€Å"that he began writing poems adolescence, in his earlier years he had a passion for hunting animals, whether the animal was dead or trapped Hughes had an attraction to animals. He wanted to capture not just live animals, but the aliveness of animals in their nature state: their wildness, quiddity, the fox-ness of the fox and the crow-ness of the crow† (â€Å"Ted Hughes, Poetry†). In Hughes’ poems animals mirror mans’ inner turbulence. In his poem